![]() ![]() With the presented approach not being limited to coarse terrain models, the need for adding artificial terrain roughness or for adjusting sensitive damping parameters on a per-site basis is reduced, thereby limiting the related biases and subjectivity. Although differences were observed, the validation shows that the algorithm can produce similar results. The results produced are also compared to that of rockfall simulation software CRSP 4, RocFall 8 and Rockyfor3D 5.2.15 as validation. The abilities of the algorithm are demonstrated by objectively extracting different perceived surface roughnesses from detailed terrain samples and by simulating rockfalls on detailed terrain models as proof of concept. ![]() The algorithm can also be combined with a rebound model to perform rockfall simulations directly on detailed 3D point clouds. To quantify and limit the range of such artificial values, we developed an impact-detection algorithm that can be used to extract the perceived surface roughness from detailed terrain samples in relation to the size of the impacting rocks. ![]() Together with the use of sensitive energy damping parameters, they provide great freedom to the user at the expense of the objectivity of the method. Artificial surface roughness is often added to overcome the loss of details that occurs during the gridding process. Numerous 3D rockfall simulation models use coarse gridded digital terrain model (DTM raster) as their topography input.
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